Alzheimer’s

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting memory, thinking, and behavior. Its causes are complex and multifactorial, involving a mix of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Etiologic and Contributing Factors

1. Genetics:
   • Familial Alzheimer’s (early-onset, rare) is linked to mutations in genes like APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2.
   • Sporadic Alzheimer’s (late-onset, common) is associated with the APOE ε4 gene variant.
2. Age: The greatest risk factor; most cases occur after age 65.
3. Lifestyle and Health Conditions:
   • Cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking).
   • Poor diet, lack of exercise, and chronic stress.
4. Brain Injury: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) increase the risk.
5. Environmental Factors: Exposure to pollutants, toxins, or a history of lower education may contribute.
6. Amyloid and Tau Pathology: Build-up of amyloid plaques and tau tangles disrupt brain function and lead to cell death.

Signs to Seek Professional Help

Look out for:

• Persistent memory loss affecting daily life (e.g., forgetting recently learned information).
• Difficulty with problem-solving, planning, or completing familiar tasks.
• Confusion about time, place, or people.
• Trouble with speech, writing, or understanding language.
• Mood changes, social withdrawal, or uncharacteristic behavior.
• Frequent misplacement of objects and inability to retrace steps.

When to act: If these symptoms become noticeable, consistent, and interfere with daily functioning, consult a neurologist, geriatrician, or primary care provider.