Peritonitis

Christopher Hobbs:

“An inflammation of the smooth, transparent membrane that lines the digestive cavity, the peritoneum, usually associated with a bacterial infection originating from the bloodstream. This infection can be life-threatening, and it is best to consult a physician as soon as possible.”

Etiologic and Contributing Factors

1. Infections:
   • Bacterial: Commonly caused by ruptures in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., from appendicitis, diverticulitis, or perforated ulcers).
   • Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP): Occurs in people with liver disease and ascites.
   • Pelvic infections: In women, infections like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may lead to peritonitis.
2. Trauma or Surgery: Abdominal injuries or post-surgical complications can introduce bacteria into the peritoneal cavity.
3. Chronic Diseases: Conditions like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or peritoneal dialysis for kidney failure can predispose individuals to peritonitis.
4. Chemical Irritation: Leakage of bile, pancreatic enzymes, or gastric acid into the peritoneal cavity due to organ perforation or rupture.
5. Other Factors: Cancer, tuberculosis, or foreign bodies (e.g., surgical tools left in the abdomen).

When to Seek Professional Help

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience the following symptoms, as untreated peritonitis can lead to sepsis, organ failure, or death:

• Severe abdominal pain that worsens with movement or touch.
• Abdominal swelling or distention.
• High fever, chills, or signs of infection.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Rapid heart rate or breathing.
• Loss of appetite or inability to pass stool or gas.
• Mental confusion, lethargy, or other systemic signs of infection.

These symptoms often indicate a medical emergency that cannot be treated at home.