Pneumonia

Christopher Hobbs:

“Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs usually associated with a bacterial or viral infection. Bronchopneumonia first involves the bronchial tree, with the infection later spreading to the lungs.”

Etiologic and Other Factors Leading to Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a lung infection caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses (e.g., influenza, COVID-19), fungi (e.g., Histoplasma), or parasites. Non-infectious causes, such as inhalation of toxic substances or aspiration of food, liquids, or vomit, can also lead to pneumonia.

Key risk factors include:

• Weakened immune systems (e.g., due to HIV, cancer, or corticosteroids)
• Chronic illnesses (e.g., COPD, asthma, diabetes)
• Smoking or excessive alcohol use
• Age extremes (infants and elderly)
• Hospitalization or mechanical ventilation

When to Seek Professional Help

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• High fever (>101°F/38.5°C) and chills
• Persistent cough with green, yellow, or bloody sputum
• Shortness of breath, chest pain, or difficulty breathing
• Severe fatigue or confusion (especially in older adults)
• Rapid or shallow breathing
• Cyanosis (bluish lips or nails)

Infants, elderly individuals, or those with underlying conditions may need urgent care even with mild symptoms.